Global Foot Dimensions

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1 ANATOMY AND FOOT HEALTH
1.1 The foot
1.2 Foot structure
1.3 Muscles and ligaments
1.4 Skin
1.5 Influence of footwear on foot shape and health
1.6 Foot ailments

1.6.1 Friction
1.6.2 Pressure

2 TECHNOLOGY AND PROCEDURE
2.1 3D scanning technology

2.1.1 Short-range
2.1.2 Mid- and long-range

2.2 Foot scanner
2.3 Scanning process
2.4 Measurement calibration
2.5 Checking and editing
2.6 Manual leg measurements
3 UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT
3.1 Summary
3.2 What is uncertainty of measurement?

3.2.1 How to interpret uncertainty of measurement
3.2.2 What factors contribute to uncertainty?
3.2.2.1 Calibration uncertainty
3.2.2.2 Drift
3.2.2.3 Resolution
3.2.2.4 Repeatability
3.2.2.5 Other factors
3.2.2.6 Factors to exclude from uncertainty of measurement

3.3 Making the calculation

3.3.1 Probability distributions
3.3.1.1 Normal distribution
3.3.1.2 Uniform/rectangular distribution
3.3.1.3 Triangular distribution

3.4 Ways to control uncertainty

3.4.1 Precise calibration procedure
3.4.2 Controlled atmosphere
3.4.3 Increased resolution
3.4.4 Protected equipment
3.4.5 More frequent calibrations

3.5 Effects of load bearing on foot shape and size
3.6 Effects of white hose
3.7 Uncertainty budget for stick and tape measurements

3.7.1 Type A evaluation of stick and tape
3.7.2 Type B evaluation of stick and tape
3.7.2.1 Drift
3.7.2.2 Angle of arms (size stick)
3.7.3 Evaluation of combined uncertainty of stick and tape technique

3.8 Uncertainty budget for 3D scanning measurements

3.8.1 Type A evaluation of 3D scanning
3.8.2 Type B evaluation of 3D scanning
3.8.3 Evaluation of combined uncertainty of 3D scanning

4 NORMALITY TESTING AND RANDOMNESS
4.1 Summary
4.2 Normal distribution

4.2.1 Definitions
4.2.2 Formulae required to find the normal distribution curve

4.3 Checking for normality: Chi squared goodness of fit test
4.4 Skew in the distribution

4.4.1 Example of our figures for testing normality

4.5 Importance of randomness
4.6 Sampling theory and confidence
5 DEMOGRAPHICS AND DATA SPREAD
5.1 Data breakdown by gender, age and country
5.2 Data breakdown by geographical location
5.3 Treatment of ethnicity and foot ailments
5.4 Difference between left and right
6 DEFINITION OF MEASUREMENTS
6.1 Foot measurements

6.1.1 Foot length
6.1.2 Joint girth
6.1.3 Foot breadth
6.1.4 Instep girth
6.1.5 Heel breadth
6.1.6 Heel to metatarsal tibiale length
6.1.7 Heel to metatarsal fibulare length
6.1.8 Instep height
6.1.9 Joint height

6.2 Leg measurements

6.2.1 Calf girth at 200mm
6.2.2 Calf girth at 300mm
6.2.3 Maximum calf girth
6.2.4 Height of maximum calf girth

7 SHOE SIZE DEFINITION
7.1 Sizing comparison table
7.2 History of shoe sizing

7.2.1 Footwear in antiquity
7.2.2 Early fitting
7.2.3 Left and right
7.2.4 The first shoe size
7.2.5 Modern shoe size

7.3 UK sizing
7.4 US sizing
7.5 European sizing
7.6 Mondopoint sizing
8 FOOT SIZE DISTRIBUTION
8.1 Summary
8.2 Mondopoint sizing - UK, USA and China - size distributions

8.2.1 All ages
8.2.2 Ages 16-25
8.2.3 Ages 26-35
8.2.4 Ages 36-45
8.2.5 Ages 46-55
8.2.6 Ages 56+

8.3 UK sizing - UK, USA and China - size distributions

8.3.1 All ages
8.3.2 Ages 16-25
8.3.3 Ages 26-35
8.3.4 Ages 36-45
8.3.5 Ages 46-55
8.3.6 Ages 56+

8.4 US sizing - UK, USA and China - size distributions

8.4.1 All ages
8.4.2 Ages 16-25
8.4.3 Ages 26-35
8.4.4 Ages 36-45
8.4.5 Ages 46-55
8.4.6 Ages 56+

8.5 European sizing - UK, USA and China - size distributions

8.5.1 All ages
8.5.2 Ages 16-25
8.5.3 Ages 26-35
8.5.4 Ages 36-45
8.5.5 Ages 46-55
8.5.6 Ages 56+

9 AVERAGE FOOT DIMENSIONS
9.1 Summary
9.2 Regression statistics - UK, USA and China

9.2.1 All ages - male
9.2.2 All ages - female

9.3 Mondopoint sizing - UK, USA and China - average foot dimensions

9.3.1 All ages - male
9.3.2 All ages - female
9.3.3 Ages 16-25 - male
9.3.4 Ages 16-25 - female
9.3.5 Ages 26-35 - male
9.3.6 Ages 26-35 - female
9.3.7 Ages 36-45 - male
9.3.8 Ages 36-45 - female
9.3.9 Ages 46-55 - male
9.3.10 Ages 46-55 - female
9.3.11 Ages 56+ - male
9.3.12 Ages 56+ - female

9.4 UK sizing - UK, USA and China - average foot dimensions

9.4.1 All ages - male
9.4.2 All ages - female
9.4.3 Ages 16-25 - male
9.4.4 Ages 16-25 - female
9.4.5 Ages 26-35 - male
9.4.6 Ages 26-35 - female
9.4.7 Ages 36-45 - male
9.4.8 Ages 36-45 - female
9.4.9 Ages 46-55 - male
9.4.10 Ages 46-55 - female
9.4.11 Ages 56+ - male
9.4.12 Ages 56+ - female

9.5 US sizing - UK, USA and China - average foot dimensions

9.5.1 All ages - male
9.5.2 All ages - female
9.5.3 Ages 16-25 - male
9.5.4 Ages 16-25 - female
9.5.5 Ages 26-35 - male
9.5.6 Ages 26-35 - female
9.5.7 Ages 36-45 - male
9.5.8 Ages 36-45 - female
9.5.9 Ages 46-55 - male
9.5.10 Ages 46-55 - female
9.5.11 Ages 56+ - male
9.5.12 Ages 56+ - female

9.6 European sizing - UK, USA and China - average foot dimensions

9.6.1 All ages - male
9.6.2 All ages - female
9.6.3 Ages 16-25 - male
9.6.4 Ages 16-25 - female
9.6.5 Ages 26-35 - male
9.6.6 Ages 26-35 - female
9.6.7 Ages 36-45 - male
9.6.8 Ages 36-45 - female
9.6.9 Ages 46-55 - male
9.6.10 Ages 46-55 - female
9.6.11 Ages 56+ - male
9.6.12 Ages 56+ - female

9.7 Graphical - UK, USA and China - average foot dimensions

9.7.1 Joint girth against foot length
9.7.2 Foot breadth against foot length
9.7.3 Instep girth against foot length
9.7.4 Heel breadth against foot length
9.7.5 Heel to metatarsal tibiale against foot length
9.7.6 Heel to metatarsal fibulare against foot length
9.7.7 Joint height against foot length
9.7.8 Instep height against foot length

9.8 Average foot dimensions against increasing age

9.8.1 UK, USA and China - male
9.8.2 UK, USA and China - female

10 FOOT AXIS AND JOINT ANGLE
10.1 Summary
10.2 Foot axis
10.3 Joint angle
10.4 Effect of axis on joint angle
10.5 Effect of axis on foot length
11 FOOT DIMENSION RATIOS
11.1 Summary
11.2 The importance of ratios
11.3 Heel to metatarsal tibiale/foot length ratio
11.4 Heel to metatarsal fibulare/foot length ratio
11.5 Joint girth/foot length ratio
11.6 Instep girth/foot length ratio
11.7 Foot breadth/joint girth ratio
11.8 Heel breadth/foot breadth ratio
11.9 Discussion
12 WIDTH FITTING
12.1 UK width fitting
12.2 US width fitting
12.3 European width fitting
12.4 Last grading
12.5 Spread of foot widths
12.6 Population coverage by size and width fitting
13 WOMEN’S LOWER LEG DATA
13.1 Summary
13.2 Regression statistics
13.3 Mondopoint sizing - UK, USA and China - average leg dimensions

13.3.1 All ages
13.3.2 Ages 16-25
13.3.3 Ages 26-35
13.3.4 Ages 36-45
13.3.5 Ages 46-55
13.3.6 Ages 56+

13.4 UK sizing – UK, USA and China – average leg dimensions

13.4.1 All ages
13.4.2 Ages 16-25
13.4.3 Ages 26-35
13.4.4 Ages 36-45
13.4.5 Ages 46-55
13.4.6 Ages 56+

13.5 US sizing – UK, USA and China – average leg dimensions

13.5.1 All ages
13.5.2 Ages 16-25
13.5.3 Ages 26-35
13.5.4 Ages 36-45
13.5.5 Ages 46-55
13.5.6 Ages 56+

13.6 European sizing – UK, USA and China – average leg dimensions

13.6.1 All ages
13.6.2 Ages 16-25
13.6.3 Ages 26-35
13.6.4 Ages 36-45
13.6.5 Ages 46-55
13.6.6 Ages 56+

13.7 Graphical - UK, USA and China - average leg dimensions

13.7.1 Maximum calf girth against foot length
13.7.2 Maximum calf height against foot length
13.7.3 Calf girth at 200mm against foot length
13.7.4 Calf girth at 300mm against foot length

13.8 Average leg dimensions against age
14 REGRESSION FORMULA FOR FULL DATA COMPARISON
14.1 Summary
14.2 Regression formula - all ages

14.2.1 UK - male
14.2.2 UK - female
14.2.3 USA - male
14.2.4 USA - female
14.2.5 China - male
14.2.6 China - female

14.3 Regression formula - ages 16-25

14.3.1 UK - male
14.3.2 UK - female
14.3.3 USA - male
14.3.4 USA - female
14.3.5 China - male
14.3.6 China - female

14.4 Regression formula - ages 26-35

14.4.1 UK - male
14.4.2 UK - female
14.4.3 USA - male
14.4.4 USA - female
14.4.5 China - male
14.4.6 China - female

14.5 Regression formula - ages 36-45

14.5.1 UK - male
14.5.2 UK - female
14.5.3 USA - male
14.5.4 USA - female
14.5.5 China - male
14.5.6 China - female

14.6 Regression formula - ages 46-55

14.6.1 UK - male
14.6.2 UK - female
14.6.3 USA - male
14.6.4 USA - female
14.6.5 China - male
14.6.6 China - female

14.7 Regression formula - ages 56+

14.7.1 UK - male
14.7.2 UK - female
14.7.3 USA - male
14.7.4 USA - female
14.7.5 China - male
14.7.6 China - female

15 NOTATION, REGRESSION, AND OTHER MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS
15.1 Mathematical notation

15.1.1 Decimal numbers
15.1.2 Mathematical operators
15.1.3 Common alphabet meanings
15.1.4 Examples

15.2 Standard deviation and pooled standard deviation
15.3 Regression

15.3.1 Independent and dependent variables
15.3.2 Least squares, method to find line of best fit
15.3.3 How to use the regression models given in chapter 14

15.4 F-Significance test model check

15.4.1 Introduction to checking regression models fit

15.5 Probability distributions
15.6 Stable and chaotic mathematical functions

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Global Foot Dimensions

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